Exploring the Differences in Taiwanese University Students’ Online Learning Task Value, Goal Orientation, and Self-Efficacy Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak

To date, researchers have not yet incorporated some prominent motivation theories to scrutinize and dissect learners’ motivations of online learning, especially in this period time under the influence COVID-19. This study aimed explore 558 Taiwanese university students’ various learning motivations, compare salient differences before after COVID-19 outbreak. A survey named “COVID-19 Online Learning Motivation (COLM)” questionnaire was developed thoughtfully evaluate task value, goal orientation, self-efficacy. The results indicate that, first, COLM valid reliable for adequately probing motivations. In general, students expressed substantial increase agreement Attainment Utility Mastery-approach goal, Mastery-avoidance Performance-avoidance Functional self-efficacy further compared two groups scores on scales based whether they had actual experiences during pandemic. findings suggest that who experienced comprehensive pandemic may held lower expectations regarding personal relevance anticipated future practicality adopting Interestingly, these preexisting seemed diminish outbreak COVID-19, implying distressing which occurred worldwide did indeed impacts how valued expected returns higher education.